Enzyme evolution: innovation is easy, optimization is complicated

Design Is as Easy as Optimization

We consider the class of max-min and min-max optimization problems subject to a global budget constraint. We undertake a systematic algorithmic and complexity-theoretic study of such problems, which we call problems design problems. Every optimization problem leads to a natural design problem. Our main result uses techniques of Freund-Schapire [FS99] from learning theory, and its generalization...

Is a Single dose of Prophylactic Antibiotics Sufficient in Patients with Acute Non-Complicated Appendicitis?

Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common acute surgery events. Its main treatment is surgery. However medical management before and after the surgery has an important impact on the treatment. Objective: The aim of study was evaluating the outcomes of single dose and quadruple doses of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in patients with acute ...

Development is easy

Kinetochores hold on with a ring complex that links a budding yeast kinetochore to a microtubule (MT) forms a ring around the MT, based on structures from two groups. The ring may help kinetochores to keep hold of an MT, even as the MT shrinks towards the spindle pole during anaphase. Stephen Harrison (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA) and Peter Sorger (MIT, Cambridge, MA) are hoping to analy...

Is alpha-conversion easy?

λx.S ◦A instead of λx.(A[S]) S ◦ λx.A instead of (λx.A)[S] λx.S2 ◦ S1 ◦ A instead of λx.(A[S1][S2]) S2 ◦ λx.S1 ◦ A instead of (λx.A[S1])[S2] S2 ◦ S1 ◦ λx.A instead of (λx.A)[S1][S2] And so on. Far fewer parentheses. And very close to notation of category theory. If we have composition of substitutions (not in my calculus), then λx.(S2 ◦ S1) ◦ A means λx.(A[S1 ◦ S2]) From the point of view of ca...

Arithmetic Is Easy